Second Battle of the Marne in World War I

The Second Battle of the Marne lasted from July 15 to August 6, 1918, and was fought during World War I (1914-1918). Conceived as an attempt to draw Allied troops south from Flanders to facilitate an attack in that region, the offensive along the Marne proved to be the last the German Army would mount in the conflict. In the opening days of the fighting, German forces made only minor gains before being halted by a constellation of Allied troops. Due to intelligence gathering, the Allies were largely aware of German intentions and had prepared a sizable counter-offensive. This moved forward on July 18 and quickly shattered German resistance. After two days of fighting, the Germans commenced a retreat back to trenches between the Aisne and Vesle Rivers. The Allied attack was the first in a series of sustained offensives that would bring the war to an end that November.      Spring Offensives In early 1918, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff commenced a series of attacks known as the Spring Offensives with the goal of defeating the Allies before American troops arrived on the Western Front in large numbers. Though the Germans scored some early successes, these offensives were contained and halted. Seeking to continue pushing, Ludendorff planned for additional operations that summer.    Believing that the decisive blow should come in Flanders, Ludendorff planned a diversionary offensive at the Marne. With this attack, the hoped to pull Allied troops south from his intended target. This plan called for an offensive south through the salient caused by the Aisne Offensive of late May and early June as well as a second assault to the east of Reims. German Plans In the west, Ludendorff assembled seventeen divisions of General Max von Boehms Seventh Army and additional troops from Ninth Army to strike at the French Sixth Army led by General Jean Degoutte. While Boehms troops drove south to the Marne River to capture Epernay, twenty-three divisions from Generals Bruno von Mudra and Karl von Einems First and Third Armies were poised to attack General Henri Gourauds French Fourth Army in Champagne. In advancing on both sides of Reims, Ludendorff hoped to split the French forces in the area. Allied Dispositions Supporting the troops in the lines, French forces in the area were buttressed by approximately 85,000 Americans as well as the British XXII Corps. As July passed, intelligence gleaned from prisoners, deserters, and aerial reconnaissance provided the Allied leadership with a solid understanding of German intentions. This included learning the date and hour that Ludendorffs offensive was set to commence. To counter the enemy, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, Supreme Commander of the Allied forces, had French artillery strike the opposing lines as German forces were forming for the assault. He also made plans for a large-scale counter-offensive which was set to launch on July 18. Armies Commanders: Allies Marshal Ferdinand Foch44 French divisions, 8 American divisions, 4 British divisions, and 2 Italian divisions Germany Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff52 divisions The Germans Strike Attacking on July 15, Ludendorffs assault in Champagne quickly bogged down. Utilizing an elastic defense-in-depth, Gouraud’s troops were able to quickly contain and defeat the German thrust. Taking heavy losses, the Germans halted the offensive around 11:00 AM and it was not resumed. For his actions, Gouraud earned the nickname the Lion of Champagne. While Mudra and Einem were being halted, their comrades to the west fared better. Breaking through Degouttes lines, the Germans were able to cross the Marne at Dormans and Boehm soon held a bridgehead nine miles wide by four miles deep. In the fighting, only the 3rd US Division held earning it the nickname Rock of the Marne (Map).   Holding the Line The French Ninth Army, which had been held in reserve, was rushed forward to assist the Sixth Army and seal the breach. Aided by American, British, and Italian troops, the French were able to halt the Germans on July 17. Despite having gained some ground, the German position was tenuous as moving supplies and reinforcements across the Marne proved difficult due to Allied artillery and air attacks. Seeing an opportunity, Foch ordered plans for the counteroffensive to commence the next day. Committing twenty-four French divisions, as well as American, British, and Italian formations to the attack, he sought to eliminate the salient in the line caused by the earlier Aisne Offensive. Allied Counterattack Slamming into the Germans with Degouttes Sixth Army and General Charles Mangins Tenth Army (including the 1st and 2nd US Divisions) in the lead, the Allies began to drive the Germans back. While the Fifth and Ninth Armies conducted secondary attacks on the eastern side of the salient, the Sixth and Tenth advanced five miles on the first day. Though German resistance increased the next day, Tenth and Sixth Armies continued to advance. Under heavy pressure, Ludendorff ordered a retreat on July 20 (Map). Falling back, German troops abandoned the Marne bridgehead and began mounting rearguard actions to cover their withdrawal to a line between the Aisne and Vesle Rivers. Pushing forward, the Allies liberated Soissons, at the northwest corner of the salient on August 2, which threatened to trap those German troops remaining in the salient. The next day, German troops moved back into the lines they occupied at the beginning of the Spring Offensives. Attacking these positions on August 6, Allied troops were repulsed by a stubborn German defense. The salient retaken, the Allies dug in to consolidate their gains and prepare for further offensive action. Aftermath The fighting along the Marne cost the Germans around 139,000 dead and wounded as well as 29,367 captured. Allied dead and wounded numbered: 95,165 French, 16,552 British, and 12,000 Americans. The final German offensive of the war, its defeat led many senior German commanders, such as Crown Prince Wilhelm, to believe that the war had been lost. Due to the severity of the defeat, Ludendorff cancelled his planned offensive in Flanders. The counterattack at the Marne was first in a series of Allied offensives that would ultimately end the war. Two days after the battles end, British troops attacked at Amiens.

Genetic Engineering And The Canadian Regulation - 968 Words

Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques and exploitation of biological processes used to improve and modify animals, plants and microorganisms to enhance their value through genetic manipulation. Over time, advances in the field of molecular biology has allowed scientists to take a particular gene from any organism, including, bacteria, viruses, plants or animals, and introduce those genes into another organism. An organism transformed using genetic engineering techniques is known as transgenic organism (Independent learning center, 2012). This paper discusses the positive and negative effects of genetically engineered organisms in agricultural applications and the Canadian regulation or legislation that relates to this issue. Many farmers in Canada have welcomed major crop plants produced by genetic engineering. Four major transgenic crops including canola, corn, soy and sugar beet have been approved for commercial production in Canada (Canada Agency, 2015). Transgenic organisms offer a range of benefits in the agricultural applications. Over many years, transgenic organisms have helped increase crop productivity by introducing drought tolerance and disease resistance to crops. Today, scientist has been able to select genes for disease resistant from other organism and relocate them to essential crops. For example, in the 1980, researchers from University of Hawaii teamed up with Cornell University to develop a papaya cultivar resistant to papayaShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Genetically Modified Organisms, And Do The Benefits Outweigh The Potential Risks?860 Words   |  4 PagesSheldon (2011), â€Å"[These] crops can survive under harsh conditions, costs are lowered, and yields are improved† (p. x xi). These crops are now widely grown worldwide. Naturally, corn is rooted in a 6000 year old history of South America (Wilkes, 2004). Genetic modification of corn has become the most tested crop in the United States. Gewin (2003) wrote, â€Å"The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications confirms that biotech corn is the second-most common GM crop (after soybean)Read MoreGenetically Modified Animals : Genetic Engineering1518 Words   |  7 Pagesgene technology I hope to share some understanding in the process of gene transfer in animals, the process of obtaining genetically engineered animals, and analyze the social and moral implications associated with this gene technology in animals. Genetic modification of animals started thirty years ago with the production of genetically modified mice. Gene modification is the process of crossing and selective breeding of animals and has been carried out by breeders for quite some time now. These modificationsRead MoreThe Animals Of The Pigs1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe pigs as shown above in the picture with glowing green snouts are genetically engineered animals known as transgenic animals. Canadian council on animal care (CCAC) defines transgenic animal as â€Å"an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of its genome†1. Method of Genetic Engineering to produce pigs with glowing green snouts: These transgenic pigs were produced using a technique called DNA microinjection2. For the very first time, 10 piglets with glowing green snouts were producedRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1354 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships.’(sciencedirect). The issue on Genectally modifed foods is a important topic to argue, because food is one of the most important factors in sustaning life, for without food, we are not able to survive and if we are tampering with food genetics, it could very well change the way we eat. Although, it could be argued that Genetically Modified Foods is indeed a benefit to society for it can benefit third world countries, and alter foods to become pest and disease resistant and weather resistantRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1638 Words   |  7 Pagesorganism through using a restriction enzyme, a molecule that is able to remove certain parts of DNA. The desired gene is then inserted into a cut plasmid, a piece of DNA in bac teria cells that is separated by a restriction enzyme and is able to put new genetic information into an organism. The modified plasmid is introduced to a culture of bacteria such as agrobacterium tumefaciens where the plasmid will enter into the bacteria. The bacteria containing the particular gene is introduced to the plants whereRead MorePersuasive Speech: Why We Should Abandon Genetically Modified Food1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthis information to you, hopefully expanding your knowledge of genetically modified food. I hope that this conference will allow us to broaden our ideas of how to stop the wave of genetically modified foods that is sweeping our nation. With genetic engineering, transferring genes from one species’ DNA to another is just like taking a page out of one book and putting it between the pages of another book. Biotech food is not the answer to global food security, should be strictly regulated because ofRead MorePractices and Malpractice in Canadian Food Labelling1799 Words   |  8 PagesCanada’s food labelling practices are very much a work-in-progress. Labelling itself is a very important issue as it affects both product sales for companies and personal health for consumers, especially since most Canadian consumers learn about nutrition from food labels themselves (Nguyen) and are especially inclined to trust labels (Gruà ¨re, Carter and Farzin). Through labelling law, government is also able to impose food standards on products. An extensive set of rules to govern every possibleRead MoreEssay On Gmo1233 Words   |  5 Pagessides, I find myself leaning towards the health concerns of food that has been genetically altered rather than its benefits. Genetically modified foods are foods produced from organisms whose DNA has been altered using the methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits than previous methods such as selec tive breeding. Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when a company named CalgeneRead MoreBackground On Genetically Modified Organisms Essay2278 Words   |  10 Pagesoutput by creating methods such as genetically engineering plants or animals to increase yields and grow better quality produce in shorter period of time (Dimayuga 2014). Figure 1: Genetically Modified Organisms infographic (Kids Right to Know 2016). GMOs are organisms with a modified genetic material (Du 2014). This process is done by genetically engineering (GE) the organisms through the use of recombinant DNA which allows transfer of genetic material from one species to another (Du 2014).Read MoreEssay921 Words   |  4 Pagesconclusion to the regulation of GMOs. They do not have hostile health effects on humans and on biodiversity because of the process by which they are engineered even though, scientists do acknowledge concerns of the possible impact. The controversy of GMOs has also lead to the controversy of regulation in labelling. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and Health Canada are accountable for food labelling policies under the Food and Drugs Act. In Canada, the genetic engineering of foods is only

Current Health Issues in International - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCurrent Health Issues in an International Context. Answer: Work, Unemployment, Employment amongst Young Indonesian Women The social changes being witness in Asian states are huge. They have been found to have significant changes on the health status of women in Indonesia, (Langer et aal., 2015) . Women in Indonesia are underrepresented in the labour work force in that according to 2015 data in reference with ILO report, indicates that labour force was 127.87 million, of which 46 million were for female while 75 million were dominated by men, while the participation rate was 62.6 % of which female gender utilised 50.22 % while men utilised 83.05 %, (Mee, 2015). Open unemployment rate in Indonesia has had more pouncing effect on the livelihoods of women. The gender dynamics remain to be entirely segregated in Indonesia living the larger proportion of women jobless. Data suggest that open employment rate is much higher than that of women. Social Capital Effects on Health These trends in employment and non employment have significant impact on the social capital changes which have significant impact on the mental and physical health of women in Indonesia, (Lee Wie, 2015). ). Social capital has major impacts on the utilisation of health services am, long women in Indonesia. The different measure on social capital has been found to have an impact on the health measure being assessed, (Benach et al, 2014). The impact of social capital on the health status of the working category has had major shifts following major economic transformations encountered, (van der Noordt et al., 2014). The wage levels of pay are found across several manufacturing industries in Indonesia especially in the textile, garment and footwear, cross sectional studies have found out that they offer low pay compared to other south East Asia countries, (Bartley Eagels, 2015). Studies Related to Labour Market and Health Characteristics The social impacts on the health status affecting women in the labour market have pronouncedly discussed and documented. The article, Effect of Gender and Social Capital on the Dual Burden of Malnutrition: A Multilevel Study in Indonesia, 2014, examines the coexistence of overweight and underweight in low and middle income countries, Indonesia included. The study found out that in order to improve health and reduce inequality in socio economic groups, there is need to include women empowerment in the social capital. The article Dual Burden Households and Nutritional Inequality in Indonesia; published in 2012, outlines the double burden of the diseases and its role in overall health status of the population. The study views the social capital of the households and asses that the prevalence of duel burden of diseases hardly changes and the index is steadily rising, thus household inequality is rising within the households. In an aim of streamlining the labour indifference on women, regarding to employment in industrial places like the factories significant changes has to be made. The article on, how to do (or not to do).gender analysis in health systems research , (2016), on gender socially constructed roles, emphasis streamlining gender in the health systems research, through gender analysis and sex disaggregation supports power relations in health. Government Action Plan With this initiative the government of Indonesia came up with the policy of employment creation. Organisations such as the International Labour Organization is playing a key role in streamline the efforts of labour work force globally. It is a UN agency which specializes on the work place related issues. Recommendation Employment is determining factor in social health determinants across the population, (Benach et al., 2014). Studies show that employment to women is beneficial in reduction of depression and mental health status. Thus urge on the need to increase employment among women. The role of social capital on health thus should be incorporated so as to improve the socio economic status of the female gender in the labor work force. The labour employing agencies in this case textiles factories needs to be cognizant of these outcomes employment offers and create the widow for more women in the population to penetrate the job market, (Vander Noordt et al., 2014). References List Baud, I. and Smyth, I., 2014. Searching for security: women's responses to economic transformations. Routledge. Christiani, Y., Byles, J., Tavener, M. and Dugdale, P., 2015. Socioeconomic related inequality in depression among young and middle-adult women in Indonesia? s major cities. Journal of affective disorders, 182, pp.76-81. Kanbur, R., Rhee, C. and Zhuang, J., 2014. Inequality in Asia and the Pacific: Trends, drivers, and policy implications. Routledge. Langer, A., Meleis, A., Knaul, F.M., Atun, R., Aran, M., Arreola-Ornelas, H., Bhutta, Z.A., Binagwaho, A., Bonita, R., Caglia, J.M. and Claeson, M., 2015. Women and Health: the key for sustainable development. The Lancet, 386(9999), pp.1165-1210. Lee, J.W. and Wie, D., 2015. Technological change, skill demand, and wage inequality: Evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 67, pp.238-250. Mee, W., 2015. Work and Cosmopolitanism at the Border: Indonesian Women Labour Migrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(12), pp.2041-2060. Morgan, R., George, A., Ssali, S., Hawkins, K., Molyneux, S., Theobald, S. (2016). How to do (or not to do) gender analysis in health systems research. Health policy and planning, czw037. Norstrm, F., Virtanen, P., Hammarstrm, A., Gustafsson, P. E., Janlert, U. (2014). How does unemployment affect self-assessed health? A systematic review focusing on subgroup effects. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1310. Roemling, C., Qaim, M. (2012). Dual burden households and nutritional inequality in Indonesia (No. 13). GlobalFood Discussion Papers. Vaezghasemi, M., hman, A., Eriksson, M., Hakimi, M., Weinehall, L., Kusnanto, H., Ng, N. (2014). The effect of gender and social capital on the dual burden of malnutrition: a multilevel study in Indonesia. PloS one, 9(8), e103849.